3.数词作主语
Ten out of 100 Americans are over /above /more than 65.
4.动名词作主语
一般 / 完成时 v-ing: 主动/doing/having done not doing:被动/being done/having done 注意：doing 无时间限定/与谓语同时出现/在谓语动词后发生having done发生在谓语之前 He still remembers being prized. 当逻辑主语为无生命的东西时 a.作主语时 ， 通常表示一般性的无时间性的东西 。 而不定式表示某一种具体的动作 。 Smoking is hobbit difficult to break. b.主语和表语一致 Seeing is believing. c.逻辑主语必须是所有格形式 Smoking kills. d. it 作形式主语：It is no use/good----- The old man's taking pity on the snake leads to his death.那个老头怜悯那条蛇 ， 导致他的死亡 。
5.不定式作主语
To +动词原形 Not to do 解释：具有动词的性质 ， 作宾语 ， 状语/具有名词的性质 ， 作主语/具有形容词性质 ， 作定语/具有副词的性质 ， 作状语 。 除谓语不可作之外 ， 其他都可 。 一般式：to do 进行时：to be doing 完成时：to have done 完成进行时：to have been doing to do:表示动作发生在谓语之后 ， I want to go home.与谓语动词几乎同时发生 to be doing :表示与谓语动词同时发生 to have done:发生在谓语动词之前 Someone was considered to have done something. to have been doing :动作从过去开始一直持续到谓语动词这个动作的发生 不定式表示一种确定的动作 To do morning exercises this morning is not good for your healthy.
6.名词化的形容词或过去分词
the poor / the disabled /the sick
7.名词化的介词短语
From my home to school is three kilometers. 副词----不定式或动名词 What an excitement to find a shark when you’re swimming in the sea.
8.句子作主语（从句一律为陈述句）
1)that引导的从句 ， 无意义 ， 不担当句子成分 ， 不省略 A. It +v+ that从句 It +系动词+表语+that 从句 It is strange that he didn't come here yesterday. 当形容词为important necessary strange /that should +动词原形 It is strange that he should （表示吃惊）pass the exam. 2. It is +n +that 从句 What a pity it is that you didn't come to this party. 当名词为a pity/a shame /a surprise +should +v原形（表示竟然） What a pity that she should be fail in exam. 3. It is +过去分词+that 从句 It is report that a car accident happened there. 从句s +be v-ed + inf. He is said to be studying in the USA. 有人建议suggest/order/request + 从句 should +动词原形 4. It +动词原形seem/appear /turn out/+that It seems that it will rain. 5. It strikes sb. that 从句 ， 某人突然想 It occurs to sb. that----- B.为强调从句意义 ， that从句常放在句首 That he will come here is of great help. That you failed the exam will --What made his father so angry? --That he failed the exam. 或He fails the exam. c.在问句中必须有形式主语 It is true that Bush will visit China again? 2) Whether /if是否不担当句子成分 ， 也不省略 A.句首只用whether Whether he will come to the meeting is unknown yet. B.句末形式主语都可用 It ----whether/if It is of no/little important whether/if it will rain today. c.在有些句型中 ， 从句不在前 It doesn't matter whether ---- It doesn't matter whether it is new/it will rain tomorrow. 3) 连接代词 who /whom/whose/what/which/担当从句成分 ， 有意义 ， 不省略 A. what +sb. + clause What we will do next is not decided. B. what+修饰词 意为什么样的…… What color you like is none of my business. C. what ……人 ， ……事 ， ……物 What he said at the meeting surprised everyone present. 注意：what前是否有先行词/与that 之间的区别 That he said it at the meeting surprised everyone present. What 与which 的区别 Which/what you want---若给定范围用which ， 没有用what 。 What ---be that---强调句的一种（强调后者） What I need most is that someone helps me. There be +what clause There was we call People's Republic of China in Chinese history. What +比较级 what more /what worse what引导从句作状语修饰全句的内容 。 在句首或句中 ， 很少在句尾 Which +n (single) Whose +n(只用此） Whose father is a doctor is no sense. It从句作形式主语（what……人或物时 ， 不用it） 4）连接副词 when/whose/how/why担当句子成分 ， 有意义 ， 不省略 How the accident happened puzzled everyone.句尾用形式主语it 5) 引导主语从句 whoever/whosever/whatever/whichever/Anywhere/anything that /everyone that/whoever=anyone whom/anything that (泛指)/anything what (特指) Whoever 指人从意义判断 Who 引导指事 Since the introduction of reform, China has made earth shaking changes.自从改革以来 ， 中国发生了翻天覆地的变化 。
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